![]() As rulers engaged in geopolitical and military disputes, coalitions, and negotiations, the Popes also waged war, signed treaties, and took part in all of the intrigue associated with European princes and kings of that time period. 1180 Summerįrom the Middle Ages to the birth of the modern Italian State in the 1870s, the men who served as the leaders of the Catholic Church held not only a spiritual and religious authority, but also a very real and temporal political and military power as the rulers and princes of a unique European state known as the Papal States.
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